Analytical Design Principle of Multimedia Filter

多介質(zhì)過濾器是應用一種或幾種過濾介質(zhì)，在一定的壓力下把濁度較高的水經(jīng)過一定厚度的粒狀或非粒資料，從而無效的除去懸浮雜質(zhì)使水廓清的進程，常用的濾料有石英砂，無煙煤，錳砂等，次要用于水處置除濁，硬化水，純水的前級預處置等，出水濁度可達3度以下。

Multimedia filter is the process of removing suspended impurities and clearing water ineffectively by using one or several filter media to pass through the granular or non-granular data with a certain thickness under a certain pressure. The commonly used filter media are quartz sand, anthracite, manganese sand, etc. Secondly, it is used for turbidity removal, hardening water and pre-treatment of pure water. The turbidity of effluent can reach 3 degrees. Following.

在水處置上運用的多介質(zhì)過濾器，罕見的有：無煙煤-石英砂-磁鐵礦過濾器，活性炭-石英砂-磁鐵礦過濾器，活性炭-石英砂過濾器，石英砂-陶瓷過濾器等。

Multimedia filters used in water treatment are rare: anthracite-quartz sand-magnetite filter, activated carbon-quartz sand-magnetite filter, activated carbon-quartz sand filter, quartz sand-ceramic filter and so on.

多介質(zhì)過濾器的濾層設計，次要思索的要素爲：

Secondary considerations in the design of multi-media filters are as follows:

1、不同濾料具有較大的密度差，保證反洗擾動后不會發(fā)作混層景象。

1. Different filters have large density difference, which ensures that the mixed layer will not occur after backwashing disturbance.

2、依據(jù)產(chǎn)水用處選擇濾料。

2. Selection of filter material according to the use of water production.

3、粒徑要求上層濾料粒徑小于下層濾料粒徑，以保證上層濾料的無效性和充沛應用。

3. Particle size requires that the particle size of upper filter material is smaller than that of lower filter material, so as to ensure the invalidity and abundant application of upper filter material.

現(xiàn)實上，以三層濾床爲例，下層濾料粒徑大，有密度小的輕質(zhì)濾料組成，如無煙煤、活性炭;中層濾料粒徑居中，密度居中，普通爲石英砂組成;上層濾料由粒徑小，密度大的重質(zhì)濾料組成，如磁鐵礦。由于密度差的限制，三層介質(zhì)過濾器的濾料選擇根本上是固定的。下層濾料起粗濾作用，上層濾料起精濾作用，這樣就充沛發(fā)揚了多介質(zhì)濾床的作用，出水水質(zhì)分明好于單層濾料的濾床。而關于飲用水，普通制止運用無煙煤，樹脂等濾料。

In fact, taking the three-layer filter bed as an example, the lower filter material is composed of light filter material with large particle size and small density, such as anthracite and activated carbon; the middle filter material with medium particle size and density is composed of quartz sand; the upper filter material is composed of heavy filter material with small particle size and high density, such as magnetite. Due to the limitation of density difference, the choice of filter material for three-layer media filter is basically fixed. The lower filter material plays the role of coarse filtration, and the upper filter material plays the role of fine filtration. Thus, the function of multi-media filter bed is fully developed, and the quality of effluent is better than that of single-layer filter material. As for drinking water, anthracite, resin and other filters are generally prohibited.

石英砂過濾器

Quartz sand filter

石英砂過濾器是一種采用石英砂作爲濾料的過濾器。可無效去除水中的懸浮物，并對水中的膠體、鐵、無機物、農(nóng)藥、錳、細菌、病毒等凈化物有分明的去除作用。其有過濾阻力小，比外表積大，耐酸堿性強，耐氧化，PH適用范圍爲2-13，抗凈化性好等優(yōu)點，石英砂過濾器的共同優(yōu)點還在于經(jīng)過優(yōu)化濾料和過濾器的設計，完成了過濾器的自順應運轉(zhuǎn)，濾料對原水濃度、操作條件、預處置工藝等具有很強的自順應性，即在過濾時濾床自動構(gòu)成上疏下密形態(tài)，有利于在各種運轉(zhuǎn)條件下保證出水水質(zhì)，反洗時濾料充沛散開，清洗效果好。砂過濾用具有過濾速度快、過濾精度高、截污容量大等優(yōu)點。普遍用于電力、電子、飲料、自來水、石油、化工、冶金、紡織、造紙、食品、游泳池、市政工程等各種工藝用水、生活用水、循環(huán)用水和廢水的預處置范疇。石英砂過濾器設備構(gòu)造復雜、運轉(zhuǎn)可以完成自動控制、處置流量大、反沖次數(shù)少、過濾效率高、阻力小、操作維修方便等特點。

Quartz sand filter is a kind of filter which uses quartz sand as filter material. It can effectively remove suspended solids in water, and has distinct removal effects on colloids, iron, inorganic substances, pesticides, manganese, bacteria, viruses and other purifiers in water. It has the advantages of small filtration resistance, large specific surface area, strong acid and alkali resistance, oxidation resistance, PH application range of 2-13, good purification resistance, etc. The common advantage of quartz sand filter lies in the self-adaptive operation of the filter through optimizing the design of filter material and filter. The filter material has strong self-adaptability to the concentration of raw water, operating conditions and pre-treatment process, that is, when filtering. The filter bed automatically forms the upper sparse and lower dense form, which is beneficial to ensuring the quality of effluent under various operating conditions. When backwashing, the filter material is abundantly dispersed and the cleaning effect is good. Sand filter has many advantages, such as fast filtering speed, high filtering precision and large capacity of intercepting pollutants. It is widely used in the fields of power, electronics, beverage, tap water, petroleum, chemical industry, metallurgy, textile, paper-making, food, swimming pool, municipal engineering and other process water, domestic water, recycled water and wastewater pretreatment. The quartz sand filter has the characteristics of complex structure, automatic control, large disposal flow, less backwash times, high filtration efficiency, low resistance and easy operation and maintenance.

活性炭過濾器

Activated carbon filter

濾料爲活性炭，用于去除色、味、余氯和無機物，其次要作用方式是吸附，活性炭是一種人工制成的吸附劑。

The filter material is activated carbon, which is used to remove color, taste, residual chlorine and inorganic substances, followed by adsorption. Activated carbon is an artificial adsorbent.

活性碳過濾器普遍用于生活用水及食品工業(yè)、化工、電力等行業(yè)的水的預處置。由于活性炭具有興旺的細孔構(gòu)造和宏大的比外表積，因而對水中的溶解性無機物，如苯類，酚類化合物等具有很強的吸附才能，而且關于用生物法和化學法很難去除的無機凈化物，如色度、異臭、外表活性劑、分解洗濯劑和染料等都有較好的去除效果。粒狀活性炭對水中的Ag^ ，Cd^2 ，CrO4^2-等離子去除率達85%以上。經(jīng)過活性炭濾床后，水中懸固小于0.1mg/L，COD去除率普通爲40%~50%，游離氯小于0.1mg/L。

Activated carbon filters are widely used in the pretreatment of domestic water and water in food industry, chemical industry and power industry. Activated carbon has a flourishing porous structure and a large specific surface area, so it has a strong ability to adsorb soluble inorganic substances in water, such as benzene, phenolic compounds, and other inorganic purifiers, such as chroma, odor, surfactant, decomposition detergent and dyes, which are difficult to remove by biological and chemical methods, have good removal effect. The removal rates of Ag^, Cd^2, CrO4^2-in water by granular activated carbon are more than 85%. After activated carbon filter bed, suspension in water is less than 0.1 mg/L, COD removal rate is generally 40%~50%, and free chlorine is less than 0.1 mg/L.

反沖洗工藝

Backwashing process

過濾器的反洗，次要是指過濾器在運用一定周期后，其濾料層截留和吸附一定量的雜物和污漬，這使得過濾器的出水水質(zhì)下降，次要表征：過濾器的正常濾后水量變差，進水和出水管道的壓力差增大，同時，單臺過濾器的流量降低。 反沖洗的原理：水流逆向經(jīng)過濾料層，使濾層收縮、懸浮，借助水流的剪切力和顆粒的碰撞摩擦力清洗濾料層使濾層內(nèi)的污物脫離并隨反洗水排出。

Backwashing of filters mainly refers to the interception and adsorption of a certain amount of impurities and stains by the filter material layer after a certain period of operation, which makes the water quality of the filters decrease. Secondary characterization: the normal filtered water flow of filters becomes worse, the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet pipelines increases, and the flow of a single filter decreases. The principle of backwashing is that water flows backward through the filter material layer to make the filter shrink and suspend. The filter material layer is cleaned by shearing force of water flow and collision friction of particles, so that the dirt in the filter layer is separated and discharged with the backwashing water.

反沖洗的必要性

Necessity of backwashing

(1)在過濾進程中，原水中的懸浮物等被濾料層截留吸附并不時地在濾料層中積聚，于是濾層孔隙逐步被污物梗塞，在濾層外表構(gòu)成濾餅，過濾水頭損失不時添加。當?shù)竭_某一限制時，濾料需停止清洗，使濾層恢停工作功能，持續(xù)任務。

(1) In the process of filtration, suspended substances in raw water are intercepted and adsorbed by the filter material layer and accumulate in the filter material layer from time to time. As a result, the pore of the filter layer is gradually obstructed by dirt, forming filter cake on the surface of the filter layer, and the loss of the filter head is added from time to time. When reaching a certain limit, the filter material needs to stop cleaning, so that the filter layer restores its working function and continues its task.

(2)過濾時由于水頭損失添加，水流對吸附在濾料外表的污物的剪切力變大，其中有些顆粒在水流的沖擊下移到上層濾料中去，終會使水中的懸浮物含量不時上升，水量變差，當雜質(zhì)透過濾層時，過濾器得到過濾效果。因而，到一定水平時，需求清洗濾料，以便恢復濾料層的納污才能。

(2) The shearing force of water flow on the pollutants adsorbed on the surface of filter material increases with the increase of water head loss during filtration. Some of the particles move to the upper filter material under the impact of water flow, which will eventually cause the suspended matter content in water to rise from time to time and the water quantity to deteriorate. When impurities pass through the filter layer, the filter will get the filtering effect. Therefore, at a certain level, it is necessary to clean the filter material in order to restore the ability of the filter material layer to absorb contamination.

(3)污水中的懸浮物中含有少量無機物，臨時滯留在濾層中會招致濾層中細菌微生物富集繁衍，發(fā)作厭氧糜爛景象，需活期清洗濾料。

(3) The suspended matter in sewage contains a small amount of inorganic substances, temporary residence in the filter layer will lead to the enrichment and multiplication of bacteria and microorganisms in the filter layer, and the occurrence of anaerobic erosion, which requires active cleaning of the filter material.

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