Analytical Design Principle of Multimedia Filter

多介質(zhì)過(guò)濾器是應(yīng)用一種或幾種過(guò)濾介質(zhì)，在一定的壓力下把濁度較高的水經(jīng)過(guò)一定厚度的粒狀或非粒資料，從而無(wú)效的除去懸浮雜質(zhì)使水廓清的進(jìn)程，常用的濾料有石英砂，無(wú)煙煤，錳砂等，次要用于水處置除濁，硬化水，純水的前級(jí)預(yù)處置等，出水濁度可達(dá)3度以下。

Multimedia filter is the process of removing suspended impurities and clearing water ineffectively by using one or several filter media to pass through the granular or non-granular data with a certain thickness under a certain pressure. The commonly used filter media are quartz sand, anthracite, manganese sand, etc. Secondly, it is used for turbidity removal, hardening water and pre-treatment of pure water. The turbidity of effluent can reach 3 degrees. Following.

在水處置上運(yùn)用的多介質(zhì)過(guò)濾器，罕見(jiàn)的有：無(wú)煙煤-石英砂-磁鐵礦過(guò)濾器，活性炭-石英砂-磁鐵礦過(guò)濾器，活性炭-石英砂過(guò)濾器，石英砂-陶瓷過(guò)濾器等。

Multimedia filters used in water treatment are rare: anthracite-quartz sand-magnetite filter, activated carbon-quartz sand-magnetite filter, activated carbon-quartz sand filter, quartz sand-ceramic filter and so on.

多介質(zhì)過(guò)濾器的濾層設(shè)計(jì)，次要思索的要素爲(wèi)：

Secondary considerations in the design of multi-media filters are as follows:

1、不同濾料具有較大的密度差，保證反洗擾動(dòng)后不會(huì)發(fā)作混層景象。

1. Different filters have large density difference, which ensures that the mixed layer will not occur after backwashing disturbance.

2、依據(jù)產(chǎn)水用處選擇濾料。

2. Selection of filter material according to the use of water production.

3、粒徑要求上層濾料粒徑小于下層濾料粒徑，以保證上層濾料的無(wú)效性和充沛應(yīng)用。

3. Particle size requires that the particle size of upper filter material is smaller than that of lower filter material, so as to ensure the invalidity and abundant application of upper filter material.

現(xiàn)實(shí)上，以三層濾床爲(wèi)例，下層濾料粒徑大，有密度小的輕質(zhì)濾料組成，如無(wú)煙煤、活性炭;中層濾料粒徑居中，密度居中，普通爲(wèi)石英砂組成;上層濾料由粒徑小，密度大的重質(zhì)濾料組成，如磁鐵礦。由于密度差的限制，三層介質(zhì)過(guò)濾器的濾料選擇根本上是固定的。下層濾料起粗濾作用，上層濾料起精濾作用，這樣就充沛發(fā)揚(yáng)了多介質(zhì)濾床的作用，出水水質(zhì)分明好于單層濾料的濾床。而關(guān)于飲用水，普通制止運(yùn)用無(wú)煙煤，樹(shù)脂等濾料。

In fact, taking the three-layer filter bed as an example, the lower filter material is composed of light filter material with large particle size and small density, such as anthracite and activated carbon; the middle filter material with medium particle size and density is composed of quartz sand; the upper filter material is composed of heavy filter material with small particle size and high density, such as magnetite. Due to the limitation of density difference, the choice of filter material for three-layer media filter is basically fixed. The lower filter material plays the role of coarse filtration, and the upper filter material plays the role of fine filtration. Thus, the function of multi-media filter bed is fully developed, and the quality of effluent is better than that of single-layer filter material. As for drinking water, anthracite, resin and other filters are generally prohibited.

石英砂過(guò)濾器

Quartz sand filter

石英砂過(guò)濾器是一種采用石英砂作爲(wèi)濾料的過(guò)濾器?？蔁o(wú)效去除水中的懸浮物，并對(duì)水中的膠體、鐵、無(wú)機(jī)物、農(nóng)藥、錳、細(xì)菌、病毒等凈化物有分明的去除作用。其有過(guò)濾阻力小，比外表積大，耐酸堿性強(qiáng)，耐氧化，PH適用范圍爲(wèi)2-13，抗凈化性好等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，石英砂過(guò)濾器的共同優(yōu)點(diǎn)還在于經(jīng)過(guò)優(yōu)化濾料和過(guò)濾器的設(shè)計(jì)，完成了過(guò)濾器的自順應(yīng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，濾料對(duì)原水濃度、操作條件、預(yù)處置工藝等具有很強(qiáng)的自順應(yīng)性，即在過(guò)濾時(shí)濾床自動(dòng)構(gòu)成上疏下密形態(tài)，有利于在各種運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)條件下保證出水水質(zhì)，反洗時(shí)濾料充沛散開(kāi)，清洗效果好。砂過(guò)濾用具有過(guò)濾速度快、過(guò)濾精度高、截污容量大等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。普遍用于電力、電子、飲料、自來(lái)水、石油、化工、冶金、紡織、造紙、食品、游泳池、市政工程等各種工藝用水、生活用水、循環(huán)用水和廢水的預(yù)處置范疇。石英砂過(guò)濾器設(shè)備構(gòu)造復(fù)雜、運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)可以完成自動(dòng)控制、處置流量大、反沖次數(shù)少、過(guò)濾效率高、阻力小、操作維修方便等特點(diǎn)。

Quartz sand filter is a kind of filter which uses quartz sand as filter material. It can effectively remove suspended solids in water, and has distinct removal effects on colloids, iron, inorganic substances, pesticides, manganese, bacteria, viruses and other purifiers in water. It has the advantages of small filtration resistance, large specific surface area, strong acid and alkali resistance, oxidation resistance, PH application range of 2-13, good purification resistance, etc. The common advantage of quartz sand filter lies in the self-adaptive operation of the filter through optimizing the design of filter material and filter. The filter material has strong self-adaptability to the concentration of raw water, operating conditions and pre-treatment process, that is, when filtering. The filter bed automatically forms the upper sparse and lower dense form, which is beneficial to ensuring the quality of effluent under various operating conditions. When backwashing, the filter material is abundantly dispersed and the cleaning effect is good. Sand filter has many advantages, such as fast filtering speed, high filtering precision and large capacity of intercepting pollutants. It is widely used in the fields of power, electronics, beverage, tap water, petroleum, chemical industry, metallurgy, textile, paper-making, food, swimming pool, municipal engineering and other process water, domestic water, recycled water and wastewater pretreatment. The quartz sand filter has the characteristics of complex structure, automatic control, large disposal flow, less backwash times, high filtration efficiency, low resistance and easy operation and maintenance.

活性炭過(guò)濾器

Activated carbon filter

濾料爲(wèi)活性炭，用于去除色、味、余氯和無(wú)機(jī)物，其次要作用方式是吸附，活性炭是一種人工制成的吸附劑。

The filter material is activated carbon, which is used to remove color, taste, residual chlorine and inorganic substances, followed by adsorption. Activated carbon is an artificial adsorbent.

活性碳過(guò)濾器普遍用于生活用水及食品工業(yè)、化工、電力等行業(yè)的水的預(yù)處置。由于活性炭具有興旺的細(xì)孔構(gòu)造和宏大的比外表積，因而對(duì)水中的溶解性無(wú)機(jī)物，如苯類，酚類化合物等具有很強(qiáng)的吸附才能，而且關(guān)于用生物法和化學(xué)法很難去除的無(wú)機(jī)凈化物，如色度、異臭、外表活性劑、分解洗濯?jiǎng)┖腿玖系榷加休^好的去除效果。粒狀活性炭對(duì)水中的Ag^ ，Cd^2 ，CrO4^2-等離子去除率達(dá)85%以上。經(jīng)過(guò)活性炭濾床后，水中懸固小于0.1mg/L，COD去除率普通爲(wèi)40%~50%，游離氯小于0.1mg/L。

Activated carbon filters are widely used in the pretreatment of domestic water and water in food industry, chemical industry and power industry. Activated carbon has a flourishing porous structure and a large specific surface area, so it has a strong ability to adsorb soluble inorganic substances in water, such as benzene, phenolic compounds, and other inorganic purifiers, such as chroma, odor, surfactant, decomposition detergent and dyes, which are difficult to remove by biological and chemical methods, have good removal effect. The removal rates of Ag^, Cd^2, CrO4^2-in water by granular activated carbon are more than 85%. After activated carbon filter bed, suspension in water is less than 0.1 mg/L, COD removal rate is generally 40%~50%, and free chlorine is less than 0.1 mg/L.

反沖洗工藝

Backwashing process

過(guò)濾器的反洗，次要是指過(guò)濾器在運(yùn)用一定周期后，其濾料層截留和吸附一定量的雜物和污漬，這使得過(guò)濾器的出水水質(zhì)下降，次要表征：過(guò)濾器的正常濾后水量變差，進(jìn)水和出水管道的壓力差增大，同時(shí)，單臺(tái)過(guò)濾器的流量降低。 反沖洗的原理：水流逆向經(jīng)過(guò)濾料層，使濾層收縮、懸浮，借助水流的剪切力和顆粒的碰撞摩擦力清洗濾料層使濾層內(nèi)的污物脫離并隨反洗水排出。

Backwashing of filters mainly refers to the interception and adsorption of a certain amount of impurities and stains by the filter material layer after a certain period of operation, which makes the water quality of the filters decrease. Secondary characterization: the normal filtered water flow of filters becomes worse, the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet pipelines increases, and the flow of a single filter decreases. The principle of backwashing is that water flows backward through the filter material layer to make the filter shrink and suspend. The filter material layer is cleaned by shearing force of water flow and collision friction of particles, so that the dirt in the filter layer is separated and discharged with the backwashing water.

反沖洗的必要性

Necessity of backwashing

(1)在過(guò)濾進(jìn)程中，原水中的懸浮物等被濾料層截留吸附并不時(shí)地在濾料層中積聚，于是濾層孔隙逐步被污物梗塞，在濾層外表構(gòu)成濾餅，過(guò)濾水頭損失不時(shí)添加。當(dāng)?shù)竭_(dá)某一限制時(shí)，濾料需停止清洗，使濾層恢停工作功能，持續(xù)任務(wù)。

(1) In the process of filtration, suspended substances in raw water are intercepted and adsorbed by the filter material layer and accumulate in the filter material layer from time to time. As a result, the pore of the filter layer is gradually obstructed by dirt, forming filter cake on the surface of the filter layer, and the loss of the filter head is added from time to time. When reaching a certain limit, the filter material needs to stop cleaning, so that the filter layer restores its working function and continues its task.

(2)過(guò)濾時(shí)由于水頭損失添加，水流對(duì)吸附在濾料外表的污物的剪切力變大，其中有些顆粒在水流的沖擊下移到上層濾料中去，終會(huì)使水中的懸浮物含量不時(shí)上升，水量變差，當(dāng)雜質(zhì)透過(guò)濾層時(shí)，過(guò)濾器得到過(guò)濾效果。因而，到一定水平時(shí)，需求清洗濾料，以便恢復(fù)濾料層的納污才能。

(2) The shearing force of water flow on the pollutants adsorbed on the surface of filter material increases with the increase of water head loss during filtration. Some of the particles move to the upper filter material under the impact of water flow, which will eventually cause the suspended matter content in water to rise from time to time and the water quantity to deteriorate. When impurities pass through the filter layer, the filter will get the filtering effect. Therefore, at a certain level, it is necessary to clean the filter material in order to restore the ability of the filter material layer to absorb contamination.

(3)污水中的懸浮物中含有少量無(wú)機(jī)物，臨時(shí)滯留在濾層中會(huì)招致濾層中細(xì)菌微生物富集繁衍，發(fā)作厭氧糜爛景象，需活期清洗濾料。

(3) The suspended matter in sewage contains a small amount of inorganic substances, temporary residence in the filter layer will lead to the enrichment and multiplication of bacteria and microorganisms in the filter layer, and the occurrence of anaerobic erosion, which requires active cleaning of the filter material.

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